Most dominant tree species in lowland conifer forests are expected to decline across northern Wisconsin and western Upper Michigan by the end of the century (balsam fir, black spruce, northern white-cedar, and tamarack).

These are boreal species near their southern range limits northern Wisconsin. Multiple forest impact models tend to agree that these species are more likely to decline in suitable habitat and biomass across a range of climate scenarios by the end of the century. Associated hardwood species, such as paper birch and quaking aspen, are also expected to decline. These forests may not maintain their identity if dominant species decline and water tables change.